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Creativity
Creativity (or creativeness) is a mental process involving the generation of
new ideas or concepts, or new associations between existing ideas or concepts.
From a scientific point of view, the products of creative thought (sometimes
referred to as divergent thought) are usually considered to have both
originality and appropriateness. An alternative, more everyday conception of
creativity is that it is simply the act of making something new. Although
intuitively a simple phenomenon, it is in fact quite complex.
It has been studied from the perspectives of behavioral psychology, social
psychology, psychometrics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence,
philosophy, history, economics, design research, business, and management, among
others. The studies have covered everyday creativity, exceptional creativity and
even artificial creativity. Unlike many phenomena in science, there is no
single, authoritative perspective or definition of creativity. Unlike many
phenomena in psychology, there is no standardized measurement technique.
Creativity has been attributed variously to divine intervention, cognitive
processes, the social environment, personality traits, and chance ("accident,"
"serendipity"). It has been associated with genius, mental illness and humor.
Some say it is a trait we are born with; others say it can be taught with the
application of simple techniques. Although popularly associated with art and
literature, it is also an essential part of innovation and invention and is
important in professions such as business, economics, architecture, industrial
design, science and engineering.
Despite, or perhaps because of, the ambiguity and multi-dimensional nature of
creativity, entire industries have been spawned from the pursuit of creative
ideas and the development of creativity techniques. This mysterious phenomenon,
though undeniably important and constantly visible, seems to lie tantalizingly
beyond the grasp of scientific investigation.
Books
Albert, R.S. & Runce, M.A. (1999). “A History of Research on Creativity”, ed.
Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Amabile, T.M. (1998). "How to kill creativity". Harvard Business Review 76 (5).
Amabile, T.M. (1996). Creativity in context. Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, et al. (1996). "Assessing the work
environment for creativity". Academy of Management Review 39 (5): 1154-1184.
Anderson, J.R. (2000). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Worth
Publishers.
Balzac, Fred (2006). "Exploring the Brain's Role in Creativity". NeuroPsychiatry
Reviews 7 (5): pp. 1, 19-20.
BCA (2006). New Concepts in Innovation: The Keys to a Growing Australia.
Business Council of Australia.
Brian, Denis, Einstein: A Life (John Wiley and Sons, 1996) ISBN 0-471-11459-6
Boden, M.A. (2004). The Creative Mind: Myths And Mechanisms. Routledge.
Dorst, K.; Cross, N. (2001). "Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of
problem–solution". Design Studies 22 (5): 425-437.
Feldman, D.H. (1999). “The Development of Creativity”, ed. Sternberg, R.J.:
Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Finke, R.; Ward, T.B. & Smith, S.M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory,
research, and applications. MIT Press.
Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming
Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Basic Books.
Guilford, J.P. (1967). The Nature of Human Intelligence.
Hadamard, Jacques, The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field (Dover,
1954) ISBN 0-486-20107-4
Helmholtz, H. v. L. (1896). Vortrage und reden (5th Auffl.). Friederich Vieweg
und Sohn.
Johnson, D.M. (1972). Systematic introduction to the psychology of thinking.
Harper & Row.
Jung, C. G., The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 8. The Structure and
Dynamics of the Psyche. (Princeton, 1981) ISBN 0-691-09774-7
Kanigel, Robert, The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan
(Washington Square Press, 1992) ISBN 0-671-75061-5
Kraft, U. (2005). "Unleashing Creativity". Scientific American Mind April:
16-23.
Koestler, A. (1964). The Act of Creation.
McLaren, R.B. (1999). “Dark Side of Creativity”, ed. Runco, M.A. & Pritzker,
S.R.: Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press.
McCrae, R.R. (1987). "Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to
Experience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (6): 1258-1265.
Michalko, M.. Cracking Creativity: The Secrets of Creative Genius.
Nachmanovitch, Stephen (1990). Free Play: Improvisation in Life and Art.
Penguin-Putnam.
National Academy of Engineering (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020 :
adapting engineering education to the new century. National Academies Press.
Nickerson, R.S. (1999). “Enhancing Creativity”, ed. Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of
Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Nonaka, I. (1991). "The Knowledge-Creating Company". Harvard Business Review 69
(6): 96-104.
O'Hara, L.A. & Sternberg, R.J. (1999). “Creativity and Intelligence”, ed.
Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Pink, D.H. (2005). A Whole New Mind: Moving from the information age into the
conceptual age. Allen & Unwin.
Plucker, J.A. & Renzulli, J.S. (1999). “Psychometric Approaches to the Study of
Human Creativity”, ed. Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge
University Press.
Poincaré, H. (1908/1952). “Mathematical creation”, ed. Ghiselin, B.: The
Creative Process: A Symposium. Mentor.
Rhodes, M. (1961). "An analysis of creativity". Phi Delta Kappan 42: 305-311.
Rushton, J.P. (1990). "Creativity, intelligence, and psychoticism". Personality
and Individual Differences 11: 1291-1298.
Runco, M.A. (2004). "Creativity". Annual Review of Psychology 55: 657-687.
Simonton, D.K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity.
Oxford University Press.
Smith, S.M. & Blakenship, S.E. (1991). "Incubation and the persistence of
fixation in problem solving". American Journal of Psychology 104: 61–87.
Sternberg, R.J.; Lubart, T.I. (1999). “The Concept of Creativity: Prospects and
Paradigms”, ed. Sternberg, R.J.: Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University
Press.
Tatarkiewicz, Władysław (1980). A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics.
Translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Taylor, C.W. (1988). “Various approaches to and definitions of creativity”, ed.
Sternberg, R.J.: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological
perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Torrance, E.P. (1974). Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Personnel Press.
von Franz, Marie-Louise, Psyche and Matter (Shambhala, 1992) ISBN 0-87773-902-1
Wallas, G. (1926). Art of Thought.
Weisberg, R.W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. Freeman.
Ward, T. (2003). “Creativity”, ed. Nagel, L.: Encyclopaedia of Cognition. New
York: Macmillan.
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