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Epistemology
Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of Western philosophy that
studies the nature and scope of knowledge and belief. The term "epistemology" is
based on the Greek words or episteme" (knowledge) and "λόγος or logos"
(account/explanation); it is thought to have been coined by the Scottish
philosopher James Frederick Ferrier. In Indian philosophy, the Sanskrit term for
the equivalent branch of study is "pramana."
Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of
knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and
justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well
as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology
primarily addresses the following questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is
knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?".
There are many different topics, stances, and arguments in the field of
epistemology. Recent studies have dramatically challenged centuries-old
assumptions, and the discipline therefore continues to be vibrant and dynamic.
Books
Annis, David. 1978. "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification", in
American Philosophical Quarterly, 15: 213-219.
Boufoy-Bastick, Z. 2005. "Introducing 'Applicable Knowledge' as a Challenge to
the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge", Sophia Journal of Philosophy, 8: 39-51.
Online PDF.
Bovens, Luc & Hartmann, Stephan. 2003. Bayesian Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970. The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern
University Press.
Cohen, Stewart. 1998. "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems:
Scepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery." Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76:
289-306.
Cohen Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin
1999.
DeRose, Keith. 1992. "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions", Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, 15: 213-19.
DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and
Sosa 1999.
Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp.
91-114.
Gettier, Edmund. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis, Vol. 23,
pp. 121-23. Online text.
Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell
Publishing.
Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", Contemporary Debates in
Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26-43.
Hendricks, Vincent F. 2006. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology, New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason
Keeton, Morris T. 1962. "Empiricism", in Dictionary of Philosophy, Dagobert D.
Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp. 89–90.
Kirkham, Richard. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind, 93.
Klein, Peter. 1981. Certainty: a Refutation of Scepticism, Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press.
Kyburg, H.E. 1961. Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT:
Wesleyan University Press.
Lewis, David. 1996. "Elusive Knowledge." Australian Journal of Philosophy, 74,
549-67.
Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. Language, Mind and Epistemology,
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Rand, Ayn. 1979. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, New York: Meridian.
Online text.
Russell, Bertrand. 1912. The Problems of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University
Press. Online text.
Schiffer, Stephen. 1996. "Contextualist Solutions to Scepticism", Proceedings of
the Aristotelian Society, 96:317-33.
Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Scepticism", Contemporary Debates in
Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1-13.
Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology,
Blackwell Publishing.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, C.K. Ogden (trns.),
Dover.
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